Li  Xiaowen

Beijing Normal University

 

A wetland park always targets both ecological and economic objectives, a good wetland park planning and design should well balance the needs between conservation versus resources use in a wetland area by coordinating those objectives contradicted in the same spatiotemporal context through optimization of process & patterns in space and in time. Due to the complexity in land use structure and ecological vulnerability, the landscape planning and design in wetland park mostly face a greater challenge, and should heavily relies on scientific guidance. However, lots of existing wetland park planning is lack of precise and deep analysis of planning suitability before site-based planning details, and the following results of planning and design is therefore lack of solid scientific basis. This article provides two cases to demonstrate how to develop a spatially explicit model of suitability analysis for wetland park planning and design. Our suitability analysis is based on the famous Mcharg  milti-layer-overlaying concept and model in landscape planning. Firstly, we analyzed and assessed the existing landscape spatially and quantitatively by using RS & GIS techniques, then we developed various suitability sub-models corresponding to those objectives based on the analysis of planning suitability of landscape elements, and several main models had been extracted reflecting the main objectives set in wetland park, including the planning suitability models of environment, recreation, agricultural & social community development. Finally, a comprehensive spatially explicit model of planning suitability covering all the objectives will be generated by integrating and overlaying those sub-models, this comprehensive planning model was premise and provided a scientific guidance for the following details of wetland landscape planning and designing.              

Key words: Wetland Park;     Wetland park planning and design;     suitability models

 

北京师范大学环境学院

 

湿地公园的建设是试图在湿地保护与开发过程中寻求合理的平衡，由于湿地保育和利用目标在同一时空条件下往往存在矛盾和冲突，加之湿地区域土地结构的复杂性、生态环境的脆弱性，使得湿地公园规划工作更为复杂，亟需科学方法论的指导，一个科学合理的湿地公园规划应能通过对区域时空格局的优化协调相互冲突的规划目标，并使湿地公园所发挥的生态与社会经济综合效益最大化。目前，湿地公园规划往往缺乏对场地深入细致的剖析，针对不同目标的场地规划适宜性分析不透彻，使得随后场地规划设计工作的科学依据不充分，因此在进行场地规划设计前，应进行充分、科学的场地规划适宜性分析，形成空间直观的湿地公园规划适宜性模型，在此基础上在进行场地规划设计工作。本文以济南与泰兴湿地公园为例，基于I.Mcharg“千层饼”景观规划设计理念，应用遥感影像分析和GIS技术，对目前规划区的现状进行分析评价，以适宜性评价为基础，利用图层叠加技术和基于格局的整体优化原则，把湿地景观作为一个整体生态单元，着眼于景观要素的用途适宜性，进行不同规划模型的建立；通过对规划要素的提取，对多个要素图层的分解、整合和运算，得到环境规划、休闲娱乐规划、农业土地利用规划、社区规划模型；再通过以上图层的叠加和权重的分配，得到空间明晰化的湿地公园的总体规划适宜性模型，为随后的场地规划设计工作奠定了科学基础。

关键词： 湿地公园    湿地公园建设与规划   适宜性评价    规划模型

 

Chen Kelin

Wetlands International-China

 

Wetlands are natural landscapes with some of the richest biodiversity on the earth; they are also crucial environments for human development and survival. Wetland conservation and management in China has made outstanding advances in recent years through the support and concern of the government at all levels. The Government of China has taken a series of important measures to protect wetlands, including the implementation of the China Wetlands Conservation Action Plan, the completion of a national wetlands survey and the implementation of a National Wetlands Conservation Programme. The State Council has issued a “Notice to Reinforce Wetlands Conservation and Management” and the State Forestry Administration has organized a national wetlands meeting to bring together all stakeholders to carry out this Notice. Implementation of related laws, regulations and policies, as well as funds, should ensure that wetlands can be managed effectively. So far 353 wetland nature reserves have been established in the county, 30 are recognized as Sites of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. The total area of wetlands in China is 55,420,000 ha and it is planned that by 2010 up to 40% of natural wetlands and 33 rare species will be protected. These measures indicate that wetland conservation in China has moved onto a new level.

With wider public awareness campaigns and more wetlands conservation projects, increasing numbers of people are beginning to show concern about wetlands. Workshops, forums and technical missions and scientific research into conservation concepts, policies or guidelines have been widely discussed among the different government agencies, universities and institutes. The core issue however can be summarized as the need for wise use and conservation of wetlands. The concept of ‘wetland parks’ have become a hot topic in China and it is commonly believed that wetland parks could provide good examples of the Ramsar Convention’s principle for wise use of natural resources. The lessons learned and experiences of establishing wetland parks in countries such as USA, UK, Japan, Australia and Malaysia can be beneficial to China. With rapid social and economic development in China, living conditions have been greatly improved, and especially so in the developed eastern regions. Some wetland parks have been established in Fujian, Guangzhou, Zhejiang, Hong Kong and Shangdong. Generally speaking, establishment of wetland parks is quite a new topic in China, we therefore need to plan carefully and step boldly if we are to enable these developments to succeed. Some of these ideas and concepts will be discussed in this article. Key words: the concept of wetland parks, guidelines, wetland park establishment and management.

Key words:  Wetlands Park;     Management

湿地国际-中国办事处

 

近几年来，随着湿地保护与合理利用湿地资源工作的广泛展开，越来越多的人们开始注意到有关湿地的保护问题，一些政府部门，专业研究院所、大中院校，以及保护单位的专家、学者就湿地保护的理念、方针、政策等进行了探讨，发表了许多专著、论文及调研报告，举办许多学术会议，就湿地保护理论与实践开展广泛深入的讨论与交流，问题的核心归纳起来即湿地的保护与合理利用，其中以建设“湿地公园”成为热点，学者们一致认为，长期的实践说明，建设湿地公园是对《湿地公约》大力提倡的合理利用湿地资源原则的充分体现。湿地公园是指生态旅游和生态环境教育功能的湿地景观区域兼有物种及其栖息地保护。她的特点是湿地景观典型，自然风景优美，可供人们观赏、旅游、娱乐、休息或进行科学、文化、教育活动。湿地公园的宗旨是，科学合理地利用湿地资源，充分发挥湿地的生态、经济和社会效益，为人们提供游憩的场所，享受优美的自然景观。发展建设湿地公园，既有利于调动社会力量参与湿地保护与可持续利用，又有利于充分发挥湿地多种功能效益，同时满足公众需求和社会经济发展的要求，通过社会的参与和科学的经营管理，达到保护湿地生态系统、维持湿地多种效益持续发挥的目标。对改善区域生态状况，促进经济社会可持续发展，实现人与自然和谐共处都具有十分重要的意义。

目前美国、英国、日本、澳大利亚、马来西亚等国在湿地公园建设与管理方面取得了成功的经验。我国随着社会经济的发展，为满足人们日益增长的物质文化生活的需求，一些经济发达的地区开始建设湿地公园，如广州肇庆湿地公园、浙江杭州西溪国家湿地公园、福建乌龙江湿地公园、山东荣城湿地公园、香港天水围公园等等，建设中的湿地公园不下十几处。就整体而言，我国湿地公园建设处于初始阶段。规划建设湿地公园是一项新的工作，牵涉面广，政策性强，我们既要大胆实践，又要积极稳妥地做好各项工作，使之统筹有序，积极健康的发展。

一、背景

二、何谓湿地公园

1.具有典型性、代表性的湿地自然景观。

2.具有依法确定的管理范围，其湿地资源权属清晰。

3.具有健全完善的管理机构，能对所辖区域进行有效管理。

4.具有相当完善的旅游设施。

5.依照法定程序申报，经国家林业局批准建立。

三、湿地公园建设管理的指导思想

湿地公园的建设与管理要树立和落实科学发展观，实施可持续发展战略。湿地公园的建设和管理要实行“保护湿地景观、合理开发资源、创造人与文化、自然和谐”的方针。湿地公园的建设要以不消耗资源为最大的开发利用，着重发展非资源消耗型的旅游观光、休闲游憩、度假等服务业，有着开发利用的最大空间。

建设湿地公园可以提供湿地景观和设施，提供人们进行科学研究、教学实习、科普宣传和青少年自然知识教育的基地，提供人们休闲度假、旅游观光、陶冶情操的理想的场所。

四、湿地公园的建设

1.湿地公园建设的可行性分析

2.湿地公园的申请建立和审批

3.湿地公园建设的目标、评价标准和布局

4.湿地公园的建立，应当实施“谁投资、谁建设、谁受益”的建设机制。

五，湿地公园的管理

1.湿地公园管理的原则。

2.湿地公园总体规划的编制，湿地公园总体规划设计是湿地公园长期、全面的管理计划，建设和发展的基础和依据。

3.湿地公园的制度建设。

4.湿地公园景观资源的监测。

5.湿地公园水资源的安全。

6.充分发挥湿地公园宣传教育基地的作用。

关键词： 湿地公园      管理

 

EDAW

 

Wetland restoration is a complex undertaking and collaboration that involves large, multidisciplinary teams which address a range of scientific, administrative and political issues. Wetland restoration practices are well established in the United States, where numerous, large-scale projects have been successfully implemented over the past 20 years, such as the restoration of wetlands in Delaware Bay and San Francisco Bay. The knowledge base built from these restoration efforts allows for the planning and implementing of vast projects on regional scales, such as the Florida Everglades Restoration Plan currently underway. While wetland restoration remains a relatively new field in Asia, it is developing rapidly. This is particularly true in China, where wetland habitats have suffered grave degradation by human activities, and now account for a mere 3.77% of China’s total land area. The central government has recently stepped in, issuing plans to rehabilitate and restore millions of hectares of wetlands in the coming decades. The ambition of these plans would clearly benefit from the transfer of knowledge and expertise acquired from similar, completed projects in the US and other countries. These common processes will ensure that projects are successfully implemented with the best possible techniques, models and science, while taking into account the socio-economic context of the region.

Drawing from his years of experience in wetland restoration, the author will present notable case studies from the US to illustrate key principles in the practice of wetland restoration. Most of the studies presented will be projects that the author has recently worked on and will be used to illustrate how lessons learned from previous projects in the US are being applied today to various projects throughout Asia.

Key words:  Wetland restoration;   Previous projects in the US

 

Stephane Asselin

易道公司

 

湿地修复是一项十分复杂的工作，需要多专业团队的精诚合作，所涉及的问题涵盖从科学、管理到政治等不同领域。美国的湿地修复工作体系已日臻完善，过去20年中已成功完成了多个大型的湿地项目，如德拉瓦湾和旧金山湾的湿地修复。从这些修复实践工作中汲取的知识和经验，为区域性大型规划、建设项目提供了有益的帮助，如正在进行中的佛罗里达州埃佛格雷修复计划。湿地修复在亚洲虽然才刚起步，但发展迅速。尤其在中国，湿地栖息地正经受着由于人类活动而带来的急剧恶化，现有湿地仅占陆地国土面积的3.77％。中央政府已颁布了栖息地恢复计划，欲在未来几十年中修复几百公顷的湿地。毫无疑问，从美国或其他国家的相关成功案例中获取经验、学习技术，将有助于这些修复计划的进行。这些普遍适用的处理方法，将在考虑区域社会经济环境的同时，保证运用最佳的技术、模型和科学来保证项目的成功实施。

笔者在湿地修复领域拥有多年的专业经验，本文将引用几个美国的重大案例来阐述湿地修复工作的重要原则。这些案例大多是笔者近年来参与的项目，本文将分析如何从美国的成功案例中吸取经验，应用于今天亚洲各地的众多项目中。

关键词：湿地修复   美国重大案例

 

Zhiqiang Zhang

College of Soil & Water Conservation at Beijing Forestry University

 

Wetlands play a significant role in terms of ecological, hydrological, environmental, economical, and social functions and services such as regulating hydrological processes(e.g. slow and retain surface water, mitigate flood water, and stabilize shoreline), purifying water resources, providing habitants for plants and animals and biodiversity preservation, producing commercial goods(e.g. food, fish, timber), sequestrating carbon and other greenhouse gases, influencing energy balance and thus regulating regional climate, providing recreational, educational, and cultural places for the people. Structure and function of wetland ecosystem is governed by interactions of physical, chemical, and biological factors at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Less science-based human activities such as inappropriate land use, poor water management, and unsustainable resource use coupling with the climate change, on the other hand, are responsible for the most cases of wetland degradation.

The sustainable approach for wetland use and protection, therefore, should be developed and implemented to meet to public needs and preservation of wetland structure and function. Hydrological process and cycle is the single most important factor to maintain the structure and function of wetland ecosystem. Integrated watershed management and planning, wetland resources and landscape investigation, wetlands assessment, evaluation and risk analysis of wetland development, planning of wetlands preservation and utilization are all important parts of wetland management. In addition, biological, structural, and institutional measures for wetland preservation should be adopted in line with the specific environmental settings of wetlands landscape. For instance, wetland buffer is one of the most effective biological measures to clean up the water resources and formulate habitants for many different plant and animal species. Developing diversified and multi-layered vegetation buffer can be resulted in maximum wetland quality and wildlife protection benefits. Water management including water treatment before discharged into the wetland should be carried out, and environmental flows and ecological flows should be secured and provided in water resources allocation.

In order to achieve the sustainable wetlands utilization and preservation, following strategies are proposed: 1)Integrated ecosystem management approach should be implemented to preserve and utilize the wetland resources at multi-scales; 2) Eco-hydrological implications should be well established by scientific community for future water resources management of wetlands and its linked watershed(s); 3) Develop more science-based ecological water use and environmental flows tools for the wetland system as a whole to maintain the ecological integrity, environmental health of wetlands; 4) Adaptive management strategies should be developed under the climate variability and land use changes; 5) coordinated multi-sectors dealing with land use, water resources management, forestry are necessary for wetland use and preservation.

Key words: Wetland ecosystem;    Integrated management;    Wetland hydrology;   Risk analysis

北京林业大学水土保持学院

 

湿地发挥着十分重要的生态、水文、环境、经济和社会功能和服务。湿地可以有效地调节水文过程、净化水质、提供栖息地保护生物多样性、碳汇、调节气候、提供休闲娱乐场所等多种功能。湿地生态系统结构与功能是多尺度物理、化学、生物学过程相互作用和相互影响的结果。不合理的人类活动如不合理的土地利用、水资源管理不善、不可持续的资源开发等与全球气候变化的耦合作用是导致湿地退化和湿地破坏的主要原因。

因此，开发可持续湿地利用与保护技术和方法是实现湿地资源利用与湿地结构与功能保护的关键。水文过程与水循环是维持湿地生态系统结构与功能最为重要的因素之一，因此，围绕健康水文循环和水环境的湿地综合管理技术措施应当包括：湿地流域的综合管理和规划；湿地资源和湿地景观清查；湿地评价；湿地开发评价与风险分析；湿地开发规划；湿地保护规划；水资源规划与管理；生态环境用水评价与调度；根据特定自然、经济和社会条件的生物措施、工程措施、法律法规措施相结合的湿地保护和管理技术等等。建立多样化、复合多层次结构的湿地缓冲带植被生态系统就可以发挥缓冲带最大的水质和生物多样性保护功能。水资源管理则包括废水处理与排放以及将湿地环境用水、生态用水纳入水资源总体规划与配置中。

在分析湿地综合管理的基础上，本文提出了实现湿地资源开发利用与保护相结合的湿地综合管理战略：1）生态系统综合管理应当贯穿整个湿地管理过程；2）加强生态水文研究，建立湿地及与其相关流域的水资源生态管理体系；3）开发更加科学的湿地生态用水、环境流量计算与评价技术，保证湿地生态系统的整体性，维护湿地水文健康；4）采取更加有效的适应性管理技术与措施，应对土地利用变化与气候变异对湿地生态系统的负面影响；5）促进部门间特别是土地管理、水利、环保、农业、林业等协调与协同，保证湿地综合管理的顺利实施。

关键词： 湿地生态系统   湿地水文   综合管理   风险分析   部门协调